您的位置: 首页 » 法律资料网 » 法律法规 »

　　基本案情：王某与张某在某蔬菜市场上因为占用摊位的大小而发生口角，双方约定斗殴。王某遂找来其朋友刘某、方某参与斗殴，并指使方某购买刀具。刘某纠集赵某、周某、朱某，方某又纠集成某、魏某，因此，王某带领同伙共计8人前往斗殴地点，到达斗殴地点后，王某被其父亲强行带离现场。张某纠集孔某、韩某等6人手持棍棒赶赴约定地点。双方在厮打过程中，成某持刀刺韩某胸部、腹部数刀致其死亡。
　　分歧意见：成某在聚众斗殴中直接致人死亡的行为，依据刑法第292条第2款的规定，应由聚众斗殴罪转化为故意杀人罪来定罪处罚，对其转化主体的认定毫无疑问。而对于其他共犯是否也应以转化后的行为来定罪处罚，理论上存在分歧。
　　第一种意见：聚众斗殴致人死亡的，不仅直接实施者应定故意杀人罪，而且依据共犯理论，对在聚众斗殴中共同犯罪的首要分子和积极参加者也应认定为故意杀人罪。（刑法只处罚聚众斗殴中的首要分子和积极参加者，因此对于一般参加者不予考虑）
　　第二种意见：鉴于聚众斗殴的特殊性，只应对直接造成死亡的斗殴者和首要分子认定为故意杀人罪，对其他参与者不宜认定为故意杀人罪。
　　第三种意见：本案中因首要分子并未参与，依据罪责自负原则，只转化直接致人死亡的实施者，对首要分子不应定故意杀人罪，而是聚众斗殴罪。
　　第四种意见：不能单纯以是否参与来概括认定，应根据行为人的具体行为，并综合具体案情进行个别分析。
　　笔者观点：笔者同意第四种意见，认为聚众斗殴中的首要分子和积极参加者是否转化，应结合案件并据主客观相一致原则来做判断。
　　从主观因素来看，在聚众斗殴的共同犯罪中，倘若直接实施的斗殴者超出了首要分子和积极参加者的故意范围，致人重伤、死亡的，则直接实施者的行为应单独转化。如果首要分子和积极参加者对直接实施者有概括的故意，则首要分子和积极参加者应和直接实施者一同转化。
　　就本案来看，在矛盾发生后，王某首先提出犯意，后纠集刘某、方某并指使方某购买刀具等足以致人死亡的器械，由此可看出王某在聚众和准备斗殴中行为积极并起组织、指挥作用，不论其是否直接参与斗殴，对王某应认定为首要分子。方某和刘某在明知斗殴的情况下，分别纠集多人，且方某为斗殴而购买了刀具，应视为积极参加者。
　　在斗殴前，王某指使方某购买刀具和方某购买刀具并积极参加的行为，即可表明王某、方某明知使用刀具参与斗殴，可能会出现致人重伤、死亡的后果，仍未对致人重伤、死亡的后果做出明确的限制，放任这种结果的发生。这种主观上的故意是一种概括的故意，一种放任的间接故意，应包括故意杀人的故意，成某斗殴中致人死亡的结果并未超出王某、方某主观故意上的限制。因此，本案中对致人死亡结果承担刑事责任并转化为故意杀人罪的主体，应是在斗殴中直接致人死亡的实施斗殴者成某和未对斗殴结果予以明确限制的首要分子王某及购买刀具并纠集成某斗殴的积极参与者方某。对于其他积极参与者，如刘某，其并未对成某有概括故意，也并未对死亡的受害人施以加害行为，现有证据也表明其斗殴行为与被害人的死亡无因果关系，则不宜以故意杀人罪转化，而应根据其具体的聚众斗殴行为定聚众斗殴罪。

张明楷：《刑法学》（第四版），法律出版社2011年版，第934页。

　　（作者系河北省沽源县人民检察院　张红强）
WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism

------An Analysis of the DSU in Positivism



by
Chengwei, Liu




Foreword
This book is a systematically selected compilation of Reports issued by various panels and the standing Appellate Body, then adopted by the DSB under the WTO jurisdiction by the end of May 2002, in category of subjects such as causes of action, initiation of panel proceedings, function of panels, rules of evidence and special rules governing anti-dumping disputes, etc., which are in most cases ruled as “preliminary issues” or “procedural objections”. However, this book is not intended to be exhaustive. It deals only with issues in dispute settlement proceedings under the WTO jurisprudence that the author considers the more important, where such rules are mainly concerned as Art. XXIII of the GATT 1994; Arts. 3, 4, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13, 21.5, 23, 26 of the DSU; Arts. 17.4, 17.5, 17.6 of the AD Agreement and Arts. 31, 32 of the Vienna Convention and so on.
Moreover, this book is intended to be descriptive and positive rather than prescriptive and theoretical. Most of the author’s analysis benefits much from the precise and logically organized reports by panels and the Appellate Body, administered by the DSB under the WTO jurisdiction. It must be made clear that these reports do not constitute binding “subsequent practice” referred to in Article 31 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, nor do they operate as stare decisis, panels and the Appellate Body are therefore not bound by past reports. Nevertheless, it does be the case demonstrated by the DSB practice that, relevant reasoning in a particular case has been cited or followed frequently by another panel or confirmed by the Appellate Body in subsequent cases.
As ruled by the Appellate Body in Japan-Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages (DS44), “[a]dopted panel reports are an important part of the GATT acquis. They are often considered by subsequent panels. They create legitimate expectations among WTO Members, and, therefore, should be taken into account where they are relevant to any dispute”. Furthermore, a panel could nevertheless find useful guidance in the reasoning of an unadopted panel report when it considers relevant. More importantly, as stated in the letter with which the Appellate Body conveyed in the February of 1996 its Working Procedures for Appellate Review to the DSB for information, “… it is also important to ensure consistency and coherence in our decision-making, which is to the advantage of every WTO Member and the overall multilateral trading system we all share”.
There is no doubt that, in line with the pragmatic evolution of the GATT dispute settlement system, the progressive clarification of a number of issues that are not precisely regulated in the DSU and the further development of the WTO dispute settlement procedures, will gradually evolve after having been tested and progressively clarified and improved in concrete dispute settlement cases.
Considering all of this, the author complete this book with serious-minded exploring examination and great diligence, bearing in mind that it is therefore practical and of great significance for WTO Members to be informed of the valuable rulings in those reports issued by panels and the Appellate Body in particular cases.

List of Abbreviations

ATC Agreement on Textile and Clothing
BISD Basic Instruments and Selected Documents (published by GATT)
DSU Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing
the Settlement of Disputes
DSB Dispute Settlement Body
EC The European Communities
GATS General Agreement on Trade in Services
GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
IMF International Monetary Fund
PGE Permanent Group of Experts (in the SCM Agreement)
SCM Subsidies and Countervailing Measures
SG Agreement on Safeguards
SPS Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures
TBT Technical Barriers to Trade
TMB Textiles Monitoring Body
TRIMS Trade-related Investment Measures
TRIPS Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
TSB Textiles Surveillance Body
WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization
WTO World Trade Organization
Table of Contents

Chapter I Trend towards “Judicialization”:
A Rule-oriented Dispute Settlement System
Chapter II Causes of Action before the DSB:
Art. XXIII of the GATT 1994
Section One Right to Pursue a Proceeding under the WTO
I The Concept of Nullification or Impairment
II The Standing Issue before the DSB